Most of the 2006 national road cycling championships took place in June, although there were a few exceptions such as the Australian and American championships which take place in January and September respectively.
The winner of each national championship wears the national jersey in all their races for the next year in the respective discipline, apart from the World Championships. The jerseys tend to represent the countries' flag or use the colours from it.
| Country | Men's Elite Road Race Champion | Men's Elite Time Trial Champion | Women's Road Race Champion | Women's Time Trial Champion | Men's Under-23 Road Race Champion | Men's Under-23 Time Trial Champion |
| Angola | Walter Da Silva | Igor Silva | ||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | Lynn Murray | |||||
| Argentina | Armando Borrajo | Matías Médici | Valeria Romina Pintos | Monica Santapa | Javier Salas | Federico Pagani |
| Australia | Russell Van Hout[1] | Nathan O'Neill | Katherine Bates | Kathryn Watt | William Walker | Shaun Higgerson |
| Austria | Bernhard Kohl | Peter Luttenberger | Christiane Soeder | Christiane Soeder | Matthias Schröger | Stefan Denifl |
| Bahamas | Johnny Hoyte | |||||
| Bahrain | Mohammed Husain | Taha Alawi | ||||
| Belarus | Aleksandr Kuschynski | Vasil Kiryienka | Siarhei Daubniuk | Branislau Samoilau | ||
| Belgium | Niko Eeckhout | Leif Hoste | Veronique Belleter | An Van Rie | Greg Van Avermaet | Dominique Cornu |
| Brazil | Soelito Gohr | Pedro Nicacio | ||||
| Bulgaria | Ivaylo Gabrovski | Ivaïlo Gabrovski | Stefan Kushlev | |||
| Burkina Faso | Rabaki Jeremie Ouedraogo | |||||
| Canada | Dominique Rollin | Svein Tuft | Alex Wrubleski | Alex Wrubleski | David Veilleux | |
| China | Baoqing Song | Baoqing Song | Mei Fang Li | Mei Fang Li | ||
| Colombia | Alejandro Cortés | Libardo Niño | Magdaly Trujillo | Monica Méndez | Jaime Castañeda | Fabio Duarte |
| Costa Rica | Henry Raabe | Henry Raabe | ||||
| Croatia | Hrvoje Miholjevic | Matija Kvasina | ||||
| Cuba | Arnold Alcolea | Arnold Alcolea | Yeilien Fernandez | Yuliet Rodriguez | ||
| Czech Republic | Stanislav Kozubek | Ondrej Sosenka | Lada Kozlikova | Lada Kozlikova | Pavel Zitta | Lukas Sablik |
| Denmark | Allan Johansen | Brian Vandborg | Linda Serup Villumsen | Linda Serup Villumsen | ||
| El Salvador | Carlos Enrique Avalos Garcia | Geovany Guervara | Evelyn Garcia | Evelyn Garcia | Christian Poritlo | Maeio Contreras |
| Estonia | Erki Pütsep | Jaan Kirsipuu | Grete Treier | Grete Treier | Andrei Mustonen | Rein Taaramäe |
| Finland | Jussi Veikkanen | Matti Helminen | Maija Laurila | Paula Suominen | ||
| France | Florent Brard | Sylvain Chavanel | Jeannie Longo-Ciprelli | Jeannie Longo-Ciprelli | ||
| Germany | Dirk Müller (cyclist) | Sebastian Lang | Claudia Hausler | |||
| Greece | Ioannis Tamouridis | Elpidofos Potouridis | Anastasia Pastourmatzi | Elisabert Chantzi | Christos Delidimitriou | |
| Honduras | Armando Orellana | Armando Orellana | ||||
| Hong Kong | Jingwei Zhang | Jingwei Zhang | ||||
| Hungary | László Bodrogi | László Bodrogi | Monika Kiraly | Diana Pulsfort | Akos Haisker | |
| Iran | Ahad Kazemi Sarai | Ghader Mizbani Iranagh | ||||
| Ireland | David McCann | David O'Loughlin | Siobhan Dervan | Louise Moriaty | Paidi O'Brien | Ryan Connor |
| Israel | Dor Dviri | Gali Ronen | Inbar Ronen | Shani Bloch | ||
| Italy | Paolo Bettini | Marzio Bruseghin | Fabiana Luperini | Silvia Valsecchi | Francessco Gavazzi | Alan Marangoni |
| Côte d'Ivoire | Abdoulaye Traore | Issiaka Fofana | ||||
| Japan | Fumiyuki Beppu | Fumiyuki Beppu | Miho Oki | Miho Oki | Yukiya Arashiro | Takeshi Ikeda |
| Kazakhstan | Andrey Kashechkin | Maxim Iglinskiy | Zoulfia Zabirova | Zoulfia Zabirova | Roman Kireyev | Dmitriy Gruzdev |
| Latvia | Aleksejs Saramotins | Raivis Belohvosciks | Gatis Smukulis | Gatis Smukulis | ||
| Lebanon | Lina Rahme | Lina Rahme | ||||
| Lithuania | Dainius Kairelis | Ignatas Konovalovas | Diana Žiliūtė | Edita Pučinskaitė | ||
| Luxembourg | Kim Kirchen | Christian Poos | Isabelle Hoffman | Anne-Marie Schmitt | Ben Gastaeur | Nick Clesen |
| Mexico | Juan Jose De La Rosa Monsivais | Fausto Esparza | Giuseppina Grassi Herrera | Giuseppina Grassi Herrera | Luis Pulido Naranjo | Imar Cervabtes Diaz |
| Mongolia | Jamsran Ulzii-Orshikh | Jamsran Ulzii-Orshikh | Jamsran Ulziisolongo | Jamsran Ulziisolongo | ||
| Morocco | Abdelatif Saadoune | |||||
| Netherlands | Michael Boogerd | Stef Clement | Marianne Vos | Loes Gunnewijk | Kai Reus | Kai Reus |
| New Zealand | Hayden Roulston | Marc Ryan | Catherine Cheatley | Alison Shanks | Joseph Cooper | Clinton Avery |
| Norway | Lars Petter Nordhaug | Kurt-Asle Arvesen | Linn Torp | Anny Hauglid | Anders Iversby | |
| Poland | Mariusz Witecki | Piotr Mazur | Maja Włoszczowska | Michał Gołas | Maciej Bodnar | |
| Portugal | Bruno Pires | Helder Miranda | Isabel Caetano | Alice Cristina Azevedo | Vitor Rodrigues | Tiago Machado |
| Qatar | Said Mossa | |||||
| Romania | Marian Frunzeanu | Laszlo Madaras | Marius Petrache | |||
| Russia | Alexander Khatuntsev | Alexander Bespalov | Olga Slyusareva | Olga Slyusareva | Evgeny Sokolov | Maxim Belkov |
| Saudi Arabia | Fathy Al Musalum | Fathy Al Musalum | ||||
| Serbia | Ivan Stevic | |||||
| Slovenia | Jure Golcer | Kristjan Fajt | Grega Bole | |||
| Slovakia | Maroš Kovác | Matej Jurčo | Zuzana Vojtášová | Katarína Uhlariková | Martin Velits | Peter Vlits |
| South Africa | Jacques Fullard | David George | Anriette Schoeman | Cashandra Slingerland | John-Lee Augustyn | Hanco Kachelhoffer |
| Spain | Not contested[2] | Toni Tauler | María Isabel Moreno | Eneritz Iturriagaechevarria | José Aguilera | Javier Chacon |
| Sweden | Thomas Lövkvist | Gustav Erik Larsson | Susanne Ljungskog | Susanne Ljungskog | ||
| Switzerland | Gregory Rast | Fabian Cancellara | Annette Beutler | Maxime Beney | ||
| Turkey | Esra Kurkcu | |||||
| Ukraine | Vladimir Zagorodniy | Andriy Grivko | Elyzaveta Bochkaryova | Iryna Shpylyova | Vitaliy Kondrut | Oleksandr Surutkovych |
| United Arab Emirates | Shambih Khaled Ali | Alsabbagh Humaid | ||||
| United Kingdom | Hamish Haynes | Jason MacIntyre | Nicole Cooke | Rebecca Romero | Peter Bissell | Daniel Davies |
| United States | George Hincapie | David Zabriskie | Kristin Armstrong | Kristin Armstrong | Craig Lewis | Brent Bookwalter |
| Uzbekistan | Sergey Lagutin | Nikolay Kazakbaev | ||||
| Venezuela | Manuel Medina | Tomas Gil | Maria Briceno | Naielys García | Tomás Terecen | Victor Moreno |
| Zimbabwe | Brian Zengeni | Dave Martin |
Note: In some cases the U23 champion is the highest placed U23 rider in the elite men's race.
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